INCODING is committed to maintaining the accuracy and reliability of its published scholarly record.
Corrections: A correction may be issued when a published article contains an error that affects the accuracy or clarity of the record but does not invalidate the overall findings. The correction notice will identify the affected article and explain the change.
Retractions: A retraction may be considered when reliable evidence demonstrates that the findings are seriously unreliable, the article contains substantial plagiarism, the research involved serious misconduct, or another significant breach of publication ethics has occurred.
Expressions of concern: When a significant concern requires further investigation and the available evidence is inconclusive, the journal may publish an expression of concern where appropriate.
All cases will be evaluated individually. Authors may be asked to provide explanations, and relevant institutions may be contacted when necessary.
Retraction notices will explain the reason for the action and remain linked to the original article. The original publication record will be retained where technically possible, clearly marked to indicate its status.
Editorial decisions will be based on evidence, fairness, and the need to preserve the integrity of the scholarly record.